oS;fDrd vuqns’ku iz.kkyh
(Personalised Instruction System)
By : Dr. Deepak Sharma
mn~Hko ,oa fodkl (Growth and Development)
oS;fDrd vuqns’ku iz.kkyh ds mn~Hko dk Js; izks0 ÝsM0 ,l0 dsyj ¼1974½ dks tkrk gS] ftUgkasus vius lg;ksxh ts0 th0 ’ksjeu ds lkFk feydj bl fopkj dks vkxs c<k;k A ekpZ 1963 esa eq[;:Ik ls vuqns’ku dk iz;ksx dksyEcl fo’ofo|ky; esa euksfoKku ds u;s ikB~;Øe ds f’k{k.k esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl oS;fDrd iz.kkyh dks dsyj ;kstuk (Keller Plan) ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
bl iz.kkyh ds iz.ksrk vfHkØfer vf/kxe ds tud izks0 ch0 ,Q0 fLduj (B.F. Skinner) ftUgksaus 1950 esa bldk fodkl fd;k] ls cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor FksA mUgksaus blds {ks«k dks c<+kus dk iz;Ru fd;k vkSj bls cM+h d{kkvksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vf/kxe dks ,d ubZ fn’kk vkSj vkdkj nsus dk ljkguh; dk;Z fd;kA bl vuqns’ku iz.kkyh ds eq[; mn~ns’; Fks &
¼1½ Nk«kksa dks iwoZorhZ y?kq Ýseksa (Frames) ds LFkku ij cMs+ Ýseksa dk vH;kl djkuk A
¼2½ f’k{k.k&vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj Nk«kksa esa vf/kd yphykiu vkSj larqyu iSnk djukA
¼3½ f’k{k.k&vf/kxe izfdz;k esa oS;fDrd&lkekftd rRoksa dk lekos’k djukA
¼4½ lwpukvksa ds ek/;e ls O;fDrdxr :Ik ls Nk«kkas ds O;gkj esa ifjorZu ykuk vkSj mudh “wfedk
dk iz;ksx vf/kxe esa djukA
vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,sa ( Meaning & Definitions)&
oS;fDrd vuqns’ku iz.kkyh (PSI) dk vFkZ gS fd O;fDrdxr :Ik ls Nk«kkas dks Lo&v/;;u ,oa Loxfr ls v/;;u djkdj fo"k;oLrq ij LokfeRo gkfly djkukA bl iz.kkyh esa tks O;fDr vFkok Nk«k vuqns’ku izkIr djrk gS] og bl iz.kkyh dk dqath gksrk gSA lEiw.kZ iz.kkyh ml O;fDr vFkok Nk«k ds bnZ&fxnZ dke djrh gSA D;k vuqns’ku nsuk gS] vFkok D;k fu.kZ; ysuk gS ] ;g Nk«kksa dh vko’;drk] vfHk#fp ,oa ;ksX;rkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA dqN fo}kuksa us bldh ifjHkk"kk,sa fuEu izdkj nh gSa %&
xzhu (Green, 1974) egksn; ds vuqlkj & oS;fDrd iz.kkyh vuqns’ku dks ;g uke bl rF; ls izzkIr gqvk gS fd izR;sd Nk«k O;fDrdxr :Ik ls nwljs O;fDr ds lkFk Qsl & 2 & Qsl vkSj izR;sd ,d & nwljs ds lkFk Hkkxhnkjh djrk gS pkgs d{kk esa 100 Nk«k ;k mlls vf/kd D;ksa u gksaA
usij ¼Naper, 1980½ & oS;fDrd vuqns’k iz.kkyh ewyr% og iz.kkyh gS ftlesa Nk= fof’k"V :Ik ls rS;kj dh x;h fo"k; oLrq vFkok ikB~;Øe dh bdkbZ;kas dks Loxfr] LorU= :Ik ls ,oa mu ij LokfeRo gkfly djus ds fy;s djrk gSA izR;sd bdkbZ esa i<us vkSj ;kstuk ls lEcfU/kr Li"V mn~ns’; vkSj funZs’k fn;s gksrs gSaA tc dksbZ Nk= ,d bdkbZ esa le> vFkok LokfeRo gkfly dj ysrk gS rks og ,d laf{kIr ijh{kk ls xqtjrk gSA izR;sd Nk= ds fy;s bl laf{kIr ijh{kk ls xqtjuk vfuok;Z gS] rHkh og vxyh bdkbZ ij LokfeRo gkfly djsxkA bu bdkbZ;kas ds ijh{kk ifj.kke dks Nk= izksDVj] v/;kid lqijokbZtj dh ns[k js[k esa fjsdkMZ djrs gSaaaaaaaA
mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge oS;fDrd vuqns’ku iz.kkyh dh izd`fr vkSj fo’ks"krkvksa dks fuEu izdkj le> ldrs gSa %&
Û oS;fDrd vuqns’ku iz.kkyh] vuqns’ku dh og iz.kkyh gS ftlesa O;fDrxr :Ik ls Nk= dks mldh vko’;drk ,oe~ vfHk:fp dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s fl[kk;k tkrk gSA
Û oS;fDrd Nk= LorU= :Ik ls dk;Z djrk gS vkSj viuh Loxfr ls lh[krs gq, viuh mUUkfr dks cuk;s j[krk gSA
Û ikB~;&oLrq dks dzec) :Ik ls bdkbZ;ksa esa foHkkftr dj fy;k tkrk gSA izR;sd Nk= dks Li"V funsZ’ku vkSj lgk;d lkexzh iznku dh tkrh gSA izR;sd Nk= dks gj bdkbZ ls lqijokbZtj ds fn’kk & funsZ’ku eas xqtjuk iMrk gSA
Û gj Nk= dks fo"k; oLRkq ij LokfeRo gkfly djuk iMrk gS] mldh miyfC/k vFkok Performance dh laxh Nk= ds lkFk rqyuk ugha dh tkrh gSA
Û Nk= vius Kku dk ijh{k.k ¼Test) ds }kjk dj ldrk gS vkSj ;fn og ml ijh{kk esa mRRkh.kZ vFkok ;ksX;rk gkfly dj ysrk gS rks og vxyh bdkbZ ij vius vU; lkfFk;ksa dk bUrtkj fd, fcuk igqap tkrk gS vkSj viuh mRRkjksRrj bdkbZ;ksa esa LokfeRo gkfly djrk gSA
Û oS;fDrd vuqns’k iz.kkyh Ldwy Nk=ksa dh rqyuk esa mPPk d{kkvksa ds Nk=ksa dss fy, vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA
Û oS;fDrd vuqns’k iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx lkekU; d{kh; lqfo/kkvksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd oS;fDrd vuqns’ku iz.kkyh (PSI ) funsZ’ku dh gh ,d iz.kkyh gS ftlesa Nk= oS;fDrd] Lora= vkSj Loxfr ls fo"k; oLrq ij lqijokbtj ds ekxZ funsZ’ku esa LokfeRo gkfly djrk gSA
mn~ns’; (Objectives) & oS;fDrd vuqns’ku iz.kkyh ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns’; gSa&
¼1½ v/;kid vkSj ikB~; oLrq ds chp vPNk OkS;fDrd & lkekftd lEcU/k LFkkfir djus esa Nk= dh lgk;rk djukA
¼2½ Nk=ksa esa O;fDrxr :Ik ls /;ku nsus o Personal Contact (Face to Face vkSj one to one) ds ek/;e ls lgk;rk iznku djukA
¼3½ Nk=ksa dks viuh Loxfr vkSj vko’;drk ds vuq:Ik fo"k; oLrq ij LokfeRo gkfly djkus esa lgk;rk iznku djukA
¼4½ Nk=ksa dks Rofjr iqucZyu (Immediate Reinforcement) iznku djukA
¼5½ Nk=ksa dks cgqek/;e mikxe (Multimedia Approach) ds mi;ksx ds ek/;e ls vf/kd lwpuk iznku dj mudh O;k[;ku ij fuHkZjrk dks de djukA
¼6½ v/;kid dh ek= lwpuk iznku djus dh Hkwfedk dks vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh cukukA
¼7½ vfHkØfer ikB~; oLrq vkSj funsZ’ku esa v/;kid dks iw.kZ i`"Biks"k.k (Feedback) vkSj lgk;rk iznku djukA
PSI ds ewyHkwr rRo ,oa fo’ks"krk,sa (Fundamental Elements & Characteristics of PSI)&
¼1½ oS;fDrd vo;oksa dh Hkwfedk@izLrkouk (Introduction of Personal Element½
PSI vuqns’ku esa Nk= dh O;fDrxr Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf’pr djrh gSA blesa Nk= Face to Face vkSj One to One lh[krk gSA
¼2½ LokfeRo vf/kxe ( Mastery Learning ½
PSI esa Nk=ksa dk fo"k; oLrq ij LokfeRo iSnk gks tkrk gS] blesa fo"k; oLrq dks NksVh bdkb;ks esa ck¡V fy;k tkrk gS vkSj tc Nk= ,d bdkbZ ij iw.kZ LokfeRo gkfly dj ysrk gS rks mls ,d y?kq ijh{kk (Brief Test) ls xqtjuk iM+rk gS vkSj mls ikl djus ij gh og vxyh bdkbZ ij tkrk gSA bl izdkj Nk= fo"k; oLrq ij LokfeRo gkfly dj ysrk gSA
¼3½ Lo&xfr ls lh[kuk (Self-Pacing ½
PSI esa Nk= LorU= :Ik ls v/;kid dh /kedh ds fcuk vkSj Lo&xfr ls lh[krk gSA ,d Nk= dh miyfC/k nwljs Nk= dks izHkkfor ugha djrh gSA
¼4½ fyf[kr dk;Z dk izko/kku ,oa fo’ys"k.k (Provision and Emphasis on written work ½
Nk= PSI esa fy[k&fy[k dj lh[krk gS ,oa vius dk;Z dk fo’ys"k.k Hkh djrk tkrk gS ftlls vf/kxe LFkk;h cu tkrk gSA
¼5½ O;k[;ku vFkok ekSf[kd laokn dks lhfer djuk (Limiting the use of Lecture or oral Communication )-
PSI O;k[;ku vFkok ekSf[kd laokn dks lhfer dj nsrk gSA Nk= lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds ek/;e ls lh[krk gS A
ykHk (Advantages ½& PSI ds fuEufyf[kr ykHk gaS&
¼1½ ;g Nk= dsfUnzr izfØ;k gSA
¼2½ Nk= Lo;a lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh djrk gS vkSj LorU= :Ik ls lh[krk gSA
¼3½ Nk= Loxfr ,oa fcuk jksd&Vksd ds lh[krk gSA
¼4½ Nk= dh O;k[;ku vFkok ekSf[kd laokn ij fuHkZjrk de gksrh gSA
¼5½ Nk= fo"k; oLrq ij LokfeRo (Mastery) gkfly dj ysrk gSA
¼6½ ÁR;sd Nk= dks v/;kid ds }kjk O;fDrxr vf/kxe vkSj ekxZ funZs’ku feyrk gSA
¼7½ Nk= ds vanj Lo v/;;u dh Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gSA
¼8½ Nk= viuh vko’;drk ,oa mn~ns’; ds vuqlkj lh[krk gSA
¼9½ Nk= dh v/;kid ij fuHkZjrk de gksrh gSA
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